Family Is Not An Important Thing - 983 Words

According to Lawrence Balter and Robert B. McCall in Parenthood in America, foster care is seen as a temporary solution for families in crisis, and families in which the child has been subjected to neglect or abuse (physical, sexual). The familial relationships influence the way a child is brought up and how the child turn out in the future. As Michael J. Fox states â€Å"Family is not an important thing. It s everything.† Although Rex Walls and Rose Mary failed to care for their children sufficiently, it was better for the children to remain with their parents. By putting the children into the foster care system, they can be faced with the possibilities of poor academic achievement, higher social problems, and higher rates of mental illness. First, children in foster care are frequently behind in educational achievement. As stated by Alexandra L Trout in The Academic Status Of Children And Youth In Out-Of-Home Care: A Review Of The Literature, research findings indicate that anywhere from 33% to 67% of foster care children experience poor academic achievement and require remedial assistance. Furthermore, researchers conducted a systematic review of the academic functioning of children and adolescents placed in foster care in the United States, and consistently found that these youth perform below grade level and in the low to low-average range on academic achievement measures. In contrast, the Walls children were rarely enrolled in school, but their mom taught them to readShow MoreRelatedFamily Is The Most Important Thing?887 Words   |  4 Pagesthe line to do what is correct in their eyes and in the eyes of others. For most people, family, religion, and freedom comes before anything else. Obligation toward family is t he most important thing because family is always there for us, help us when we are in need, love us no matter what, and always put us as a top priority in their life. When you are born an Asian family, customs and traditional ways are things which people depends on to develop. They are very wonderful and that is something thatRead MoreFamily Is The Most Important Things1426 Words   |  6 Pagesdo not choose the family with whom we grew up, it is predetermined for us by God. People often say that the most important things in life are the things God gives us for free: life, love and family. Our family is the people that were put in our lives by God because He thought them to be essential for us. As humans we like to be accepted, feel that we belong somewhere and are loved. All those things, we get from family. Is it therefore ever an option to give up on one’s family? The definitionRead MoreFamily Is The Most Important Thing2293 Words   |  10 PagesEvery family is different and mine is no exception to this. My family and I may have some moments when we do not all get along, but what family does? For the most part we get along and always want to spend as much time together as we can. Family to me is the most important thing in life. My family is made up of, a mother and father (Paulette and Chip), and an older brother (Alex). My mom, Paulette is what most people call â€Å"the queen bee,† and what she says go. Whenever you want to go do somethingRead MoreFamily Is The Most Important Thing Of A Child s Life1577 Words   |  7 PagesFamily is the most important thing in a child’s life. The family provides the child with motivation, and serves as an example in helping children develop beliefs and understanding what is right and wrong. Overall, a child’s family is going to give the child lifelong connections through love, support, and belonging. Research has shown that family involvement in a child’s life, specifically in their education, has had numerous significant benefits, and schools are taking more actions to get familiesRead More3 Most Important Things in My Life999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Most Important Things in my Life By Vasilios Politis Professor C. Simpson ENC 1101-293 17 June 2008 Politis i Outline T: The three things that are most important to me are my family, basketball, and most importantly, being remembered for something great. I. The most important thing in my life right now is my family. A. My family will always be there for me and give me the guidance and support that I need. 1. My family has helped me to get my act together and get backRead MoreWhat Makes Up a Happy Family Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Makes Up a Happy Family Is There Such A Thing? Estefania Ayala Keiser University Abstract Family is important as it is also important to have a happy family. We might think at times what makes a happy family? Is there such a thing as a happy family? Or is it possible to have a happy family. Having a happy family as we all might know is not an easy task to do, but it is neither impossible. What we can do is search for element to guide us through a happy family. I understand that no oneRead MoreSwallow the Air, The Secret Garden and The Seven Stages of Grieving Year 12 Speech1376 Words   |  6 Pagesthat he was born into a wealthy family but chose to live a life of poverty. I had to think about this for a while before coming to the conclusion that this was a decision that was meant to eliminate distractions so he could be closer to himself. I’ve learnt from this man that in order to feel a sense of belonging you have to first know who you are. My thesis is: A person’s identity is found in what is most important to them. Choices made in order to keep these things close are choices that strengthenRead MoreReflection Of My Gratitude Diary1055 Words   |  5 PagesThe gratitude journal process really got me thinking of many things I am grateful for. I felt good journaling because I usually journal about ideas and plans I want to achieve, but never have written about the stuff I am grateful for in life. I noticed that I was only taking pictures of material possessions rather than looking at other important things like being able to hear. Being able to see. Being able to have feet to walk, and hands to be able to help others. It might have been because I dontRead MoreCauses Of Friends And Family Essay950 Words   |  4 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe that friends and family are the true cause of happiness. When you have friends and family, you have those who care for you. When you have them, you don’t really need anything else. When you have a family and some really good friends, you know that they will always be there for you. You know that you can always count on them, and you definitely know that you can trust them with a secret or anything personal. When you are surrounded by them, you realize that nothing in the world canRead MoreThe, Tolerance, And Cultural Differences1643 Words   |  7 PagesMentalite, Tolerance, and Cultural Differences Have you ever noticed how all over the world people value things differently? Such as how family can be the most important aspect of someone’s life, but to someone of a different culture or area might value independency more? That is called mentalite or worldview. Mentalite is defined as, â€Å"a thought processes of values and beliefs shared by those of the same community.† It is the backbone to one’s personal beliefs throughout life and how much tolerance

Why Everybody Is Completely Mistaken Regarding Topics about Social Issues

Why Everybody Is Completely Mistaken Regarding Topics about Social Issues You never know who you may be helping by creating your experiences accessible. In today's world, there are plenty of social difficulties. They have always been an integral part of the human condition. Because of the stigma attached, discussing issues associated with mental wellness is still considered a taboo. Remaining silent on the issues is a tremendous portion of the issue. Becoming mindful of the problems happening in the nation and the world and wanting to understand marginalized people is quite important. Make sure once you think about a particular issue and the way to address it, you think about just how to address it for everyone and not only for those who are privileged in every other facet of their life. While society states it's fine to have angry feelings, nobody would like to see them expressed. There's well-known that you won't have the ability to compose a fantastic insightful research paper if you're not interested in the subject overall and in the subject specifically. Writing an intriguing essay about trendy topics is an opportunity to reveal your knowledge of earth. You must be certain to understand everything clearly once you select an essay topic. There are some main things you will need to be aware of before you even begin picking social issues essay topics. You must write a minumum of one research paper in a semester for most the subjects. Make the usage of the suggested research paper topic ideas and you'll be prosperous. When picking your research paper topic, you have to make certain it is neither boring nor worn out. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, an enormous quantity of curiosity and capacity to think beyond the box and search info in unconventional sources. Just select the right topic and make certain you have a notion about the issue you're likely to study in your paper. So following is a list of the way to be woke in 2019. Last, consider combining all those 3 things into one topic that you are feeling passionate about. The topics that are covered within this section are extremely varied. Do not be hesitant to ask questions if there are a number of unclear points. There are occasions when you're assigned with the topic but more frequently, you'll have to create a topic on your own. Someone with a perfectly legitimate FB account may be the vector of false or inaccurate details. Social networking comments should be guarded by free speech. When deciding on your social problems topic, keep in mind that it's always far better to write about something you're already more or less acquainted with. Social issues transcend almost every facet of the society, and thus, given the undertaking of writing an essay on social issues, one is indirectly given the opportunity to pick from the plethora of topics within the area. This social issue is a choice case of a problem that will resonate with a massive audience. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Topics about Social Issues You were probably conscious of the debate club in high school, and possibly you were a component of it yourself! Mixed martial arts ought to be banned. Moreover, teachers must elect for initiating classroom debates more frequently at the start of an academic session to construct a healthful connection between students. Every student needs to be asked to take a performing arts course. Performance-enhancing drugs ought to be allowed in sports. Dependent on the record of UNICEF, over fifty percent of the children all around the world are malnourished. It is essential to make sure that you implement social justice values in your household instead of just on the world wide web. Thorough medication and efficient therapy programs can enable the patients learn how to deal with this. The more you fully grasp the simpler it's for you to compose a thriving research paper. Anarchism is much better than all kinds of government owing to its definitions and applications. You always ought to start looking for academically proved and dependable sources that you are able to cite in your essay. Racial profiling needs to be accomplished. You have to understand completely that you're not writing a descriptive essay. Before submitting your assignment, you want to be sure that it's flawless and error-free. Homework ought to be banned. The IELTS writing section is made up of two distinct tasks.

Internet A Medium or a Message Essay Example For Students

Internet: A Medium or a Message? Essay Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesThe State of the Net: An Interim Report about the Future of the InternetWho are the participants who constitute the Internet?Users connected to the net and interacting with itThe communications lines and the communications equipmentThe intermediaries (e.g. the suppliers of on-line information or access providers). Hardware manufacturersSoftware authors and manufacturers (browsers, site development tools, specific applications, smart agents, search engines and others). The Hitchhikers (search engines, smart agents, Artificial Intelligence AI tools and more)Content producers and providersSuppliers of financial wherewithal (currently corporate and institutional cash to be replaced, in the future, by advertising money)The fate of each of these components separately and in solidarity will determine the fate of the Internet. The Internet has hitherto been considered the territory of computer wizards. Thus, any attempt at predicting its future applied the Olympic formula : Faster, Higher, Stronger to its hardware and software determinants. Media experts, sociologists, psychologists, advertising and marketing executives were left out of the collective effort to determine the future face of the Internet. The Internet cannot be currently defined as a medium. It does not function as one rather it is a very disordered library, mostly incorporating the writings of non-distinguished megalomaniacs. It is the ultimate Narcissistic experience. Yet, ever since the invention of television there hasnt been anything as begging to become a medium as the Internet is. Three analogies spring to mind when contemplating the Internet in its current state:A chaotic libraryA neural network or the equivalent of a telephony network in the makingA new continent These metaphors prove to be very useful (even business-wise). They pe rmit us to define the commercial opportunities embedded in the Internet. Yet, they fail to assist us in predicting its future which lies in its transformation into a medium. How does an invention become a medium? What happens to it when it does become one? What is the thin line separating the basic function of the invention from its flowering in the form of a new medium? In other words: when can we tell that some technological advance gave birth to a new medium? This work also deals with the image of the Internet once transformed into a medium. The Internet has the most unusual attributes in the history of the media. It has no central structure or organization. It is hardware and software independent. It (almost) cannot be subjected to legislation or to regulation. Take on example: downloading music from the internet is it an act of recording music? This has been the crux of the legal battle between Diamond Multimedia (the manufacturers of the Rio MP3 device) and the recording indu stry in America. Its data transfer channels are not linear they are random. Most of its broadcast cannot be received at all. It allows for the narrowest of narrowcasting through the use of e-mail mailing lists, discussion groups, message boards and chats. And this is but a small portion of an impressive list of oddities. This idiosyncrasy will shape the nature of the Internet as a medium. Growing out of bizarre roots it is bound to yield strange fruit as a medium. So what are the business opportunities out there? I believe that they are to be found in two broad categories :The shaping of the Internet as a medium, using the right software and hardwareThe shaping of the Internet as a medium through contents The Map of Terra InterneticaThe Users How many users are there ? How many of them have access to the Web (World Wide Web WWW) and use it ? There are no unequivocal statistics. Those who presume to give the answers (including the ISOC the Internet SOCiety) rely on very partial and biased resources. Others just bluff for very unscientific reasons. Yet, all agree that there are, at least, 70 million active participants in North America (the Nielsen and Commerce-Net reports). The future is, inevitably, even more vague than the present. Authoritative consultancy firms predict 66 million active users in 10 years time. IBM envisages 700 million users. MCI is more modest with 300 million. At the end of 1999 there were 130 million users. This is not serious futurology. It is better to ignore these predictions and to face facts. The Internet an Elitist and Chauvinistic Medium The average user of the Internet is young (30), with academic background and high income. The percentage of the educated and the well-to-do among the users of the Web is three times as high as their proportion in the population. This is fast changing only because their children are joining them (6 million already had access to the Internet at the end of 1996 to be joined by another 24 milli on by the end of the decade). This may change only due to presidential initiatives (from Al Gore in the USA to Mahatir Mohammed in Malaysia), corporate largesse (Microsoft, for one) and institutional involvement (Open Society in Eastern Europe). These efforts will spread the benefits of this all-powerful tool among the less privileged. A bit more than 50% of all users are men and they are responsible for 60% of the activity in the net (as measured by data volume). Women seem to limit themselves to electronic mail (e-mail) and to electronic shopping of goods and services. Men prefer information because knowledge is power. Most of the users are of the experiencer variety. They are leaders of social change and innovative. This breed populates universities, fashionable neighbourhoods and trendy vocations. This is why many wonder if the Internet is not just another such fad, albeit an incredibly resilient one. Though most users have home access to the Internet they still prefer to acces s it from work, at the employers expense, though this preference is slight and being eroded. Most users are, therefore, exploitative in nature. Still, we must not forget that there are 37 million households of self employed and this possibly distorts the statistical picture somewhat. The Internet a North American Phenomenon Not European, not African, not Asian (with the exception of Israel and Japan), not Russian , nor a Third World phenomenon. It belongs squarely to the wealthy, sated world. It is the indulgence of those who have all else and their biggest worry is their choice of entertainment for the night. Between 60-70% of all Internet users live in the USA, 5% in Canada. They are rare in Europe (except in Germany and in Scandinavia). The Internet lost to the French Minitel because the latter provides more locally relevant content. Communications Most computer owners possess a 28,800 bps modem. This is much like driving a bicycle in a German Autobahn. The 56,600 bps is gradual ly replacing its slower predecessor (28% of computers with modem) but even it is hardly sufficient. To begin to enjoy video and audio (especially the former) data transfer rates need to be 50 times larger. Half the households in the USA have at least 2 telephones and one of them is usually dedicated to data processing (faxes or fax-modems). The ISDN could constitute the mid-term solution. This data transfer network is fairly speedy and covers 70% of the territory of the USA. It is growing by 100% annually and its sales topped 10 billion USD in 1995/6. Unfortunately, it is quite clear that ISDN is not THE answer. It is too slow, to user-unfriendly, has a bad interface with other network types. There is no point in investing in temporary solutions when the right solution is staring the Internet in the face, though it is not implemented due to political circumstances. A cable modem is 80 times speedier than the ISDN and 700 times faster than a 14,400 bps modem. However, is does have problems in accommodating two-way data transfer. There is also need to connect the fibre optic infrastructure which typifies cables to the old copper coaxial infrastructure which characterizes telephony. Cable users engage specially customized LANs (Ethernet) and the hardware is expensive (though equipment prices are forecast to collapse as demand increases). Cable companies simply did not invest in developing the technology : the law (prior to the 1996 Communications Act) forbade them to do anything that was not one way transfer of video by cables. Now, with the more liberal regulative environment, it is a mere question of time until the technology is found. Actually, most consumers single out bad customer relations as their biggest problem with the cable companies rather than technology. Experiments conducted with cable modems led to a doubling of usage time (from an average of 24 to 47 hours per month per user) which was wholly attributable to the increased speed. This comes clo se to a revolution in the culture and in the allocation of leisure time. Numerically speaking : 7 million households in the USA will be fitted with a two-way data transfer cable modem. This is a small number and it is anyones guess if it constitutes a critical mass. Sales of such modem amount to 1.3 billion USD annually. 50% of all cable subscribers also have a PC at home. To me it seems that the merging of the two technologies is inevitable. Other technological solutions such as the ADSL are being developed and implemented. Hardware and Software Most of the Internet users (62%) work with a Windows operating system. About 21% own a Mackintosh (much stronger graphically and more user-friendly). Only 7% continue to work on UNIX based systems (which, historically, fathered the Internet) and this number is fast declining. A strong entrant is the free source LINUX operating system. Virtually all the users employ a browsing software : most of them (56%) use Netscapes products (Navigato r and Communicator) and the minority shares the antiquated Mosaic (the SPRY version, for instance) and Microsofts Explorer (close to 40% of the market). The sales of browsers are expected to hit 4 billion USD in the year 2000 (Hembrecht and Quist). Browsers are in for a great transformation. Most of them will have 3-D, advanced audio, telephony / voice mail (v-mail), e-mail and conferencing capabilities integrated into the same session (and this includes video conferencing in the further future). They will become self-customizing, intelligent, Internet interfaces : they will memorize the history of usage and user preferences and adapt themselves accordingly. They will allow content-specificity : unidentifiable smart agents will scour the Internet, make recommendations, compare prices, order goods and services and customize contents in line with self-adjusting user profiles. Two important technological developments must be considered: Palmtops the ultimate personal (and office) comm unicators, easy to carry and providing Internet access anywhere, independent of suppliers and providers and of physical infrastructure (in an aeroplane, in the field, in a cinema). The second : wireless data transfer and wireless e-mail, whether through pagers, cellular phones, or through more sophisticated apparatus and ybrids such as smart phones. Geotechs products are an excellent example : e-mail, faxes, telephone calls and a connection to the Internet and to other, public and corporate, or proprietary, databases all provided by the same gadget. This is the embodiment of the electronic, physically detached, office. We have no way of gauging or intelligently guessing the part of the mobile Internet in the total future Internet market but it is likely to outweigh the fixed part. Wireless internet meshes well with the trend of pervasive computing and the intelligent household. Household gadgets such as microwave ovens, refrigerators and so on will connect to the internet via a w ireless interface to cull data, download information, order goods and services and perform basic maintenance functions upon themselves. Suppliers and Intermediaries Parasitic intermediaries occupy each stage in the Internet chain of food. Access to the Internet? Internet Service Providers (ISP) Content? content suppliers and so on. Some of these intermediaries are doomed to gradually fade or to suffer a substantial diminishing of their share of the market. What justification was there for the existence of the likes of CompuServe and America On line (AOL) had they not matched up with portals and content providers? Before the 1998/9 spat of mergers and acquisitions, in 1996 it was predicted that they will have only 16 million subscribers in the USA by 1997 and this was before the technical and corporate upheavals in AOL. By way of comparison, even today, ISPs have twice as many subscribers (worldwide). Admittedly, this adversely affects the quality of the service the infrastructure maintained by the phone companies is slow and often succumbs to bottlenecks. The unequivocal intention of the telephony giants to become major players in the Internet market should also be taken into account. The phone companies will, thus, play a dual role : they will supply the infrastructure to their competitors (sometimes, within a real or actual monopoly) and they will compete with their clients. The same can be said about the cable companies. Controlling the last mile to the users abode is the next big business of the internet. Companies such as AOL are disadvantaged by these trends. It is imperative for AOL to obtain equal access to the cable companys backbone and infrastructure if it wants to survive. No wonder that many of the ISPs judge this to be an unfair fight. On the other hand, it takes a minimal investment to become an ISP. 200 modems (which cost 200 USD each) are enough to satisfy the needs of 2000 average users who generate an income of 500,000 USD per annum to t he ISP. Routers are equally as cheap nowadays. This is a nice return on the ISPs capital, undoubtedly. The Hitchhikers The Web houses the equivalent of 10 million books. Search Engine applications are used to locate specific information in this impressive, constantly proliferating library. They will be replaced, in the near future, by Knowledge Structures gigantic encyclopaedias, whose text will contain references (hyperlinks) to other, relevant, sites. The far future will witness the emergence of the Intelligent Archives and the Personal Papers (read further for detailed explanations). Some software applications will summarize content, others will index and automatically reference and hyperlink texts (virtual bibliographies). An average user will have on-going interest in 500 sites. Special software will be needed to manage address books (bookmarks, favourites) and contents (Intelligent Addressbooks). The phenomenon of search engines dedicated to search a number of search engines simultaneously will grow (Hyper-engines). Hyperengines will work in the background and download hyperlinks and advertising (the latter is essential to secure the financial interest of site developers and owners). Statistical software which tracks (how long was what done), monitors (what did they do while in) and counts (how many) visitors to sites exist. Some of these applications have back-office facilities (accounting, follow-up, collections, even tele-marketing). They all provide time trails and some allow for auditing. This is but a small fragment of the rapidly developing net-scape : people and enterprises who make a living off the Internet craze rather than off the Internet itself. Everyone knows that there is more money in lecturing about how to make money in the Internet than in the Internet itself. This maxim still holds true despite the 32 billion US dollars in E-commerce in 1998. Content Suppliers This is the underprivileged sector of the Internet. They all lose money (e xcept sites offering basic, standardized goods books, CDs and sites connected to tourism). No one thanks them for content produced with the investment of a lot of effort and a lot of money. A really good, fully commerce enabled site costs up to 5,000,000 USD, excluding current updating site maintenance and customer and visitor services. They are constantly criticized for lack of creativity or for too much creativity. More and more is asked of them. They are exploited by intermediaries, hitchhikers and other parasites. Most of them produce Web content. 32 million men and women constantly access the Web but this number stands to grow (the median prediction: 120 million). Yet, while the Web is used by 35% of those with access to the Internet e-mail is used by more than 50%. E-mail is by far the most common function and specialized applications (Eudora, Internet Mail, Microsoft Exchange) have upgraded it to a state of art. Most of the users like to surf (browse, visit sites) the n et without reason or goal in mind. This makes it difficult to use traditional marketing parlance: what is the meaning of targeted audiences market shares in this context? If a surfer visits sites dealing with aberrant sex and nuclear physics during the same session what to make of it? People like the very act of surfing, then they want to be entertained, then they use the Internet as a working tool, mostly in the service of their employer, who, usually foots the bill. Users love free downloads (mainly software). Free is a key word in the Internet : it used to belong to the US Government and to a bunch of universities. Users like information, with emphasis on news and data about new products. But they do not like to shop on the net yet. Only 38% of all surfers made a purchase during 1998. 67% of them adore virtual sex. 50% of the sites most often visited are porno sites (this is reminiscent of the early days of the Video Cassette Recorder VCR). A- propos video : people dedicate th e same amount of time to watching video cassettes as they do to surfing the net. Sex is followed by music, sports, health, television, computers, cinema, politics, pets and cooking sites. People are drawn to interactive games. The Internet will shortly enable people to gamble, if not hampered by legislation. 10 billion USD in gambling money are predicted to pass through the net. This makes sense: nothing like a computer to provide immediate (monetary and psychological) rewards. Commerce on the net is another favourite. The Internet is a perfect medium for the sale of software and other digital products (e-books). The problem of data security is on its way to being solved with the SET (or other) world standard. The Internet has more than 100 virtual shopping malls and they were visited by 2.5 million shoppers in 1995 (probably by double this number in 1996). The predictions for 1999 : between 1-5 billion USD of net shopping (plus 2 billion USD through on-line information providers, s uch as CompuServe and AOL) proved woefully inaccurate. The actual number in 1998 was 7 times the prediction for 1999. It is also widely believed that circa 20% of the family budget will pass through the Internet as e-money and this amounts to 150 billion USD. The Internet will become a giant inter-bank clearing and varied banking and investment services will be provided through it. Basically, everything can be done through the Internet : looking for a job, for instance. Some sites already sport classified ads. This is not a bad way to defray expenses, though most classified ads are free (it is the advertising they attract that matters). Another developing trend is website-rating and critique. It will be treated the way todays printed editions are. It will have a limited influence on the consumption decisions of some of them. Browsers already display a button labelled Whats New and another one called Whats Hot. Most Search Engines recommend specific sites. Users are cautious. Studie s discovered that no user, no matter how heavy, has visited more than 200 site, a minuscule number. Also, a random at times, the wrong selection for the user. Web Critics, who work today mainly for the printed press, will publish their wares in the net and will attach themselves to intelligent software which will hyperlink, recommend and refer. Some web critics will be identified with specific applications really, expert systems which will embody their knowledge and experience. The MoneyWhere will the capital needed to finance all these developments come from? Again, there are two schools : One that says that sites will be financed through advertising and so will search engines, applets and any other application accessed by users. The second version is simpler and allows non-commercial content to exist : It proposes to collect negligible sums (cents or fractions of cents) from every user for every visit. These accumulated cents will enable the owners of old sites to update and t o maintain them and encourage entrepreneurs to develop new ones. The adherents of the first school point at the 5 million USD invested in advertising during 1995 and to the 60 million or so invested during 1996. Its opponents point exactly at the same numbers : ridiculously small when contrasted with more conventional advertising modes. The potential of advertising on the net is limited to 1.5 billion USD annually in 1998, thundered the pessimists (many think that even half of that would be very nice). The actual figure was double the prediction but still woefully small and inadequate to support the internets content development. Compare these figures to the sale of Internet software (4 billion), Internet hardware (3 billion), Internet access provision (4.2 billion in 1995). Hembrecht and Quist estimate that Internet related industries scoop up 23.2 billion USD annually (A report released in mid-1996). And what will follow advertising? The consumer will interact and the product will be posted to him. This is a much slower and more enervating epilogue to the exciting affair of ordering through the net at the speed of light. Too many consumers still complain that they did not receive what they ordered. The solution may lie in the integration of advertising and content. Pointcast, for instance, integrated advertising into its news broadcasts, continuously streamed to the users screen, even when inactive (active screen saver and ticker). Downloading of digital music, video and text (e-books) will lead to immediate gratification of the consumer and will increase the efficacy of advertising. Whatever the case may be, a uniform, agreed upon system of rating as a basis for charging advertisers, is highly needed. There is also the question of what does the advertiser pay for? Many advertisers (Procter and Gamble, for instance) refuse to pay by the number of hits or impressions (=entries, visits to a site). They agree to pay only according to the number of the times tha t their advertisement was hit. Resistance To Technology EssayInternet Space can be easily purchased or created. The investment is low. Then, infrastructure can be erected for a shopping mall, for free home pages, for a portal, or for another purpose. It is precisely this infrastructure that the developer can later sell, lease, franchise, or rent out. At the beginning, only members of the fringes and the avant-garde (inventors, risk assuming entrepreneurs, gamblers) invest in a new invention. The invention of a new communications technology is mostly accompanied by devastating silence. No one knows to say what are the optimal uses of the invention (in other words, what is its future). Many mostly members of the scientific and business elites argue that there is no real need for the invention and that it substitutes a new and untried way for more veteran and safe modes of doing the same thing (by implication : so why assume the risk?) These criticisms are founded: To start with, there is, indeed, no need for th e new medium. A new medium invents itself and the need for it. It also generates its own market to satisfy this newly found need. Two prime examples are: the personal computer and the compact disc. When the PC was invented, its uses were completely unclear. Its performance was lacking, its abilities limited, it was horribly user unfriendly. It suffered from faulty design, absent user comfort and ease of use and required considerable professional knowledge to operate. The worst part was that this knowledge was unique to the new invention (not portable). It reduced labour mobility and limited their professional horizons. There were many gripes among those assigned to tame the new beast. The PC was thought of, at the beginning, as a sophisticated gaming machine, an electronic baby-sitter. As the presence of a keyboard was detected and as the professional horizon cleared it was thought of in terms of a glorified typewriter or spreadsheet. It was used mainly as a word processor (and its existence justified solely on these grounds). The spreadsheet was the first real application and it demonstrated the advantages inherent to this new machine (mainly flexibility and speed). Still, it was more (speed) of the same. A quicker ruler or pen and paper. What was the difference between this and a hand held calculator (some of them already had computing, memory and programming features)? The PC was recognized as a medium only 30 years after it was invented with the introduction of multimedia software. All this time, the computer continued to spin off markets and secondary markets, needs and professional specialities. The talk as always how to improve on existing markets and solutions. The Internet is the computers first important breakthrough. Hitherto the computer was only quantitatively different the multimedia and the Internet have made him qualitatively superior, actually, sui generis, unique. This, precisely, is the ghost haunting the Internet: It has been invented, is maintained and is operated by computer professionals. For decades these people have been conditioned to think in Olympic terms: more, stronger, higher. Not: new, unprecedented, non-existent. To improve not to invent. They stumbled across the Internet it invented itself despite its own creators. Computer professionals (hardware and software experts alike) are linear thinkers. The Internet is non linear and modular. It is still the time of the computermen in the Internet. There is still a lot to be done in improving technological prowess and powers. But their control of the contents is waning and there they are being gradually replaced by communicators, creative people, advertising executives, psychologists and the totally unpredictable masses who flock to flaunt their home pages. These all are attuned to the user, his mental needs and his information and entertainment preferences. The compact disc is a different tale. It was intentionally invented to improve upon an existing tech nology (basically, Edisons Gramophone). Market-wise, this was a major gamble : the improvement was, at first, debatable (many said that the sound quality of the first generation of compact discs was inferior to that of its contemporary record players). Consumers had to be convinced to change both software and hardware and to dish out thousands of dollars just to listen to what the manufacturers claimed was better quality Bach. A better argument was the longer life of the software (though contrasted with the limited life expectancy of the consumer, some of the first sales pitches sounded absolutely morbid). The computer suffered from unclear positioning. The compact disc was very clear as to its main functions but had a rough time convincing the consumers. Every medium is first controlled by the technical people. Gutenberg was a printer not a publisher. Yet, he is the worlds most famous publisher. The technical cadre is joined by dubious or small-scale entrepreneurs and, together, they establish ventures with no clear vision, market-oriented thinking, or orderly plan of action. The legislator is also dumbfounded and does not grasp what is happening thus, there is no legislation to regulate the use of the medium. Witness the initial confusion concerning copyrighted software and the copyrights of ROM embedded software. Abuse or under-utilization of resources ow. Recall the sale of radio frequencies to the first cellular phone operators in the West a situation which repeats itself in Eastern and Central Europe nowadays. But then more complex transactions exactly as in real estate in real life begin to make their appearance. This distinction is important. While in real life it is possible to sell an undeveloped plot of land no one will buy pages. The supply of these is unlimited their scarcity (and, therefore, their virtual price) is zero. The second example involves the utilization of a site rather than its mere availability. A developer could open a site wherein first time authors will be able to publish their first manuscript for a fee. Evidently, such a fee will be a fraction of what it would take to publish a real life book. The author could collect money for any downloading of his book and split it with the site developer. The potential buyers will be provided with access to the contents and to a chapter of the books. This is currently being done by a few fledgling firms but a full scale publishing industry has not yet developed. The Life of a MediumThe internet is simply the latest in a series of networks which revolutionized our lives. A century before the internet, the telegraph and the telephone have been similarly heralded as global and transforming. Every medium of communications goes through the same evolutionary cycle: Anarchy The Public Phase At this stage, the medium and the resources attached to it are very cheap, accessible, under no regulatory constraints. The public sector steps in : higher education institution s, religious institutions, government, not for profit organizations, non governmental organizations (NGOs), trade unions, etc. Bedevilled by limited financial resources, they regard the new medium as a cost effective way of disseminating their messages. The Internet was not exempt from this phase which ended only a few months ago. It started with a complete computer anarchy manifested in ad hoc networks, local networks, networks of organizations (mainly universities and organs of the government such as DARPA, a part of the defence establishment, in the USA). Non commercial entities jumped on the bandwagon and started sewing these networks together (an activity fully subsidized by government funds). The result was a globe encompassing network of academic institutions. The American Pentagon established the network of all networks, the ARPANET. Other government departments joined the fray, headed by the National Science Foundation (NSF) which withdrew only lately from the Internet. The Internet (with a different name) became public property with access granted to the chosen few. Radio took precisely this course. Radio transmissions started in the USA in 1920. Those were anarchic broadcasts with no discernible regularity. Non commercial organizations and not for profit organizations began their own broadcasts and even created radio broadcasting infrastructure (albeit of the cheap and local kind) dedicated to their audiences. Trade unions, certain educational institutions and religious groups commenced public radio broadcasts. The Commercial Phase When the users (e.g., listeners in the case of the radio, or owners of PCs and modems in the example of the Internet) reach a critical mass the business sector is alerted. In the name of capitalist ideology (another religion, really) it demands privatization of the medium. This harps on very sensitive strings in every Western soul : the efficient allocation of resources which is the result of competition, corruption and inefficiency naturally associated with the public sector (Other Peoples Money OPM), the ulterior motives of members of the ruling political echelons (the infamous American Paranoia), a lack of variety and of catering to the tastes and interests of certain audiences, the equation private enterprise = democracy and more. The end result is the same : the private sector takes over the medium from below (makes offers to the owners or operators of the medium that they cannot possibly refuse) or from above (successful lobbying in the corridors of power leads to the appropriate legislation and the medium is privatized). Every privatization especially that of a medium provokes public opposition. There are (usually founded) suspicions that the interests of the public were compromised and sacrificed on the altar of commercialization and rating. Fears of monopolization and cartelization of the medium are evoked and justified, in due time. Otherwise, there is fear of the concentration of control of the medium in a few hands. All these things do happen but the pace is so slow that the initial fears are forgotten and public attention reverts to fresher issues. A new Communications Act was legislated in the USA in 1934. It was meant to transform radio frequencies into a national resource to be sold to the private sector which will use it to transmit radio signals to receivers. In other words : the radio was passed on to private and commercial hands. Public radio was doomed to be marginalized. The American administration withdrew from its last major involvement in the Internet in April 1995, when the NSF ceased to finance some of the networks and, thus, privatized its hitherto heavy involvement in the net. A new Communications Act was legislated in 1996. It permitted organized anarchy. It allowed media operators to invade each others territories. Phone companies will be allowed to transmit video and cable companies will be allowed to transmit telephony, for instance. T his is all phased over a long period of time still, it is a revolution whose magnitude is difficult to gauge and whose consequences defy imagination. It carries an equally momentous price tag official censorship. Voluntary censorship, to be sure, somewhat toothless standardization and enforcement authorities, to be sure still, a censorship with its own institutions to boot. The private sector reacted by threatening litigation but, beneath the surface it is caving in to pressure and temptation, constructing its own censorship codes both in the cable and in the internet media. Institutionalization This phase is the next in the Internets history, though, it seems, unbeknownst to it. It is characterized by enhanced activities of legislation. Legislators, on all levels, discover the medium and lurch at it passionately. Resources which were considered free, suddenly are transformed to national treasures not to be dispensed with cheaply, casually and with frivolity. It is conceivable t hat certain parts of the Internet will be nationalized (for instance, in the form of a licensing requirement) and tendered to the private sector. Legislation will be enacted which will deal with permitted and disallowed content (obscenity ? incitement ? racial or gender bias ?) No medium in the USA (not to mention the wide world) has eschewed such legislation. There are sure to be demands to allocate time (or space, or software, or content, or hardware) to minorities, to public affairs, to community business. This is a tax that the business sector will have to pay to fend off the eager legislator and his nuisance value. All this is bound to lead to a monopolization of hosts and servers. The important broadcast channels will diminish in number and be subjected to severe content restrictions. Sites which will not succumb to these requirements will be deleted or neutralized. Content guidelines (euphemism for censorship) exist, even as we write, in all major content providers (CompuSer ve, AOL, Prodigy). The Bloodbath This is the phase of consolidation. The number of players is severely reduced. The number of browser types will be limited to 2-3 (Netscape, Microsoft and which else ?). Networks will merge to form privately owned mega-networks. Servers will merge to form hyper-servers run on supercomputers. The number of ISPs will be considerably down. 50 companies ruled the greater part of the media markets in the USA in 1983. The number in 1995 was 18. At the end of the century they will number 6. This is the stage when companies fighting for financial survival strive to acquire as many users/listeners/viewers as possible. The programming is shallowed to the lowest (and widest) common denominator. Shallow programming dominates as long as the bloodbath proceeds. From Rags to Riches Tough competition produces four processes: 1. A Major Drop in Hardware PricesThis happens in every medium but it doubly applies to a computer-dependent medium, such as the Internet. Computer technology seems to abide by Moors Law which says that the number of transistors which can be put on a chip doubles itself every 18 months. As a r

Lab Report Essay Example

Lab Report Essay LAB REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 3 COPPER CYCLE OLANREWAJU OYINDAMOLA Abstract This experiment is based on copper, to synthesize some copper compound using Copper (II) nitrate solution to obtain copper metal at the end. Changes of copper complexes when various are added and filtering out the precipitate by using Buchner funnel for vacuum filtration. The experiment started with preparation of copper (II) hydroxide and addition of copper oxide then addition of droplets of chloride complex. Then the addition of ammonium complex and the preparation of copper metal. And the vacuum filtration takes place. Introduction Copper is a reddish-orange metal that is used widely in the electronics industry due to its properties of high ductility and conductivity. Results Reagents| Appearance| Volume (or Mass)| Concentration (or Molar Mass)| Cu(NO3)2 (aq)| Light blue solution| 10 ml| 0. 10 M| NaOH (aq)| Clear solution| 20 ml | 2 M| HCl (aq)| Clear solution| 20 drops| 6 M | NH3 (aq)| Clear solution| 7 drops| 6 M| H2SO4 (aq)| Clear solution| 15 ml | 1. M| Zn dust| Silvery substance| 0. 15 g| | ethanol| Clear solution| 5 ml | | Volume of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 10 ml Concentration of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 0. 10 M Convert ml to l: 10 / 1000 = 0. 010 liters Using the formulae: concentration = moles / volume 0. 10=moles/0. 010 Moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 001 moles Mass of empty bottle = 6. 00grams Mass of empty bottle +copper metal =6. 05grams Mass of copper metal recovered after the experiment = 0. 050 grams Finding moles of copper: Moles = mass/ Mr = 0. 050 / 63. 55 =0. 00079 moles Volume of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 10 ml We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Concentration of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) : 0. 10 M Convert ml to l: 10 / 1000 = 0. 010 liters Using the formulae: concentration = moles / volume 0. 10=moles/0. 010 Moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 001 moles Mass of empty bottle = 42. 53grams Mass of empty bottle +copper metal =42. 58grams Mass of copper metal recovered after the experiment = 0. 050 grams Finding moles of copper: Moles = mass/ Mr = 0. 05/ 63. 55 =0. 0008 moles Since we have got moles of copper metal and copper nitrate solution we can find the percentage yield of the copper metal obtained from the experiment. yield = actual value / theoretical value * 100% =moles of copper metal obtained/ moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 0008/0. 001 * 100% =80% Thus the percentage yield of the copper obtained was 80 %. Addition of NaoH solution to Cu (NO3)2 gave a dark blue solution. After boiling the Solution gotten above, I sieved out the water and had CuO(s) left in the Beaker. The addition of HCl (drop wise) to CuO gave a yellowish green solution. When NH4OH solution was added it gave a yellowish green solution. I added 15ml of 1. m H2SO4 to yellowish green solution co I suspect the copper complex to be [Cu (H2O) 6]2+, since it gave a blue-green solution. When zinc dust was added to The solution a shiny reddish brown metal was formed. Discussion It is observed that copper was conserved throughout the experiment. And despite The conservation of copper in the reaction, the percentage recovery of copper is less than 100%. i had 80% of copper recovered from Cu (NO3)2. After pouring out the supernatant some CuO clung to the wall of the beaker. Therefore, the HCl did not dissolve all of the CuO. This unreacted CuO causes a decrease in the mass of Cu recovered. Also, I forgot to scrunch the copper formed before drying. The clumps of copper might contain some water which increases its mass when weighed. It is necessary to synthesize the various compounds one after the other in order to recover copper metal because, it is not possible to get copper metal because it is not possible to get copper directly from Cu (NO3)2. all these phases are needed to be passed through. When zinc is added a zinc hexaquo complex is formed from the bonding of Zn2+ with six molecules of water. The addition of H2SO4 causes the Cu2+ from Cu(OH)2 to combine with water molecules to form [Cu(H2O)6]2+. The Cu(OH)2 is gotten from reaction of CuCl2 with NH3. The percent yield depends on whether certain reactions were completed or not. my percent yield 80% is affected by incomplete reaction of CuO with HCl. During the decomposition of Cu (OH) 2, some Cu might have been lost in heat form. Also when transferring the copper from the Buchner funnels into the weighing bottle, some copper metal were stuck to the funnel. This would also decrease the percent yield of copper gotten. Conclusion Given the concentration of Cu (NO3)2 and volume as 10. 0ml, the percent recovery of copper gotten from synthesis of copper compounds is 80%. References Cotton Albert; Wilkinson ,Geoffrey ;murillo,carlos;bochmann,Manfred. advanced inorganic chemistry,6th Ed; John Wiley and sons ltd:Canada,pp868-869 Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Essay Determining the Acceleration Due to Gravity with a Simple Pendulum Quintin T. Nethercott and M. Evelynn Walton Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112, UT, USA (Dated: March 6, 2013) Using a simple pendulum the acceleration due to gravity in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA was found to be (9. 8 +/- . 1) m/s2 . The model was constructed with the square of the period of oscillations in the small angle approximation being proportional to the length of the pendulum. The model was supported by the data using a linear ? t with chi-squared value: 0. 7429 and an r-square value: 0. 99988. This experimental value for gravity agrees well with and is within one standard deviation of the accepted value for this location. I. INTRODUCTION The study of the motion of the simple pendulum provided valuable insights into the gravitational force acting on the students at the University of Utah. The experiment was of value since the gravitational force is one all people continuously exp erience and the collection and analysis of data proved to be a rewarding learning experience in error analysis. Furthermore, this experiment tested a mathematical model for the value of gravity that that makes use of the small-angle approximation and the proportional relationship between the square of the period of oscillations to the length of the pendulum. Sources of error for this procedure included precision in both length and time measurement tools, reaction time of the stopwatch holder, and the accuracy of the stopwatch with respect to the lab atomic clock. The ? nal result of g takes into account the correction for the error introduced using the approximation. There are opportunities to correct for the e? cts of mass distribution, air buoyancy and damping, and string stretching[1]. Our results do not take these e? ects into account at this time. A. Theoretical Introduction The general form of Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation can be used to ? nd the force between any two bodies. FG = ? G mME ? 2 r RE (1) 2 On earth this equation can be simpli? ed to F = ? mg? with the value r GME 2 RE taken to be the constant g. The value of gravity in Salt Lake City (elev. 1320 m) according to this model is: 9. 81792 m/s2 [3][4][5]. The simple pendulum provides a way to repeatedly measure the value of g. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The equation of motion from the free body diagram in Figure 1[2]: FIG. 1: Free body diagram of simple pendulum motion[2]. F = ma = mgsin? can be written in di? erential form ? g ?=0 L The solution to this di? erential equation relies on the small angle approximation sin? ?: (2) (3) ? for small ?(t) = ? 0 cos( g ) L (4) 3 The Taylor expansion ?(t) ?o [1 ? gt2 g 2 t2 ] + 2L 4! L2 (5) allows us to take the ? dependence out of the equation of motion. Taking the second derivative of the approximation gives the following: g ? ? = 0 L (6) 0 g g g g + ? = 0 =? ?0 = ? L L L L g L, (7) 4? 2 T2 ? We know from the ? rst derivative ? = ? so it follows that since ? 2 = = g L ?0 . g 4? 2 =? 2 L T (8) From the initial conditions it is also clear that the initial amplitude ? is equal to ? 0 and so the linear relationship between length L and period T 2 can be expressed as T2 = . 4? 2 L g (9) Using the small angle approximation introduces a small systematic error in the period of oscillation, T. Fo r instance the maximum amplitude angle ? for a 1 percent error is . 398 radians or 22. 8 degrees; to reduce the error to 0. 1 percent the angle must be reduced to . 126 radians or 7. 2 degrees. This experiment used an angle of about 10 degrees and that introduced an error of 0. percent. The calculations for the systematic error are found in the Appendix. II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A. Setup As seen in Figure 2, the pendulum apparatus was set up using a round metal bob with a hook attached to a string. The string passed through a hole in an aluminum bar, which was attached to 4 the wall. The length of the string could be adjusted, and the precise point of oscillation was ? xed by a screw, which also connected a protractor to the aluminum bar. FIG. 2: Experiment setup. Length measurements for the pendulum were taken using a meter stick and caliper. The caliper was used to measure the diameter of the bob, having an uncertainty of 0. 01cm. The total length was measured by holding the meter stick up against the aluminum bar, and measuring from the pivot point to the bottom of the bob. The bottom was determined by holding a ruler horizontally against the bottom of the bob. The meter stick measurements had an uncertainty of 0. 2cm. Time measurements were made using a stopwatch. For measuring the ? rst swing the starting time was determined by holding the bob in one hand and the stopwatch in the other and simultaneously releasing the bob and pushing Start. The stopping point, and starting point for the second oscillation, was determined by watching the bob and pushing Stop/Start when the bob appeared to reach the top of the swing and stop. The precision of the stopwatch was compared with an atomic clock by measuring several one second intervals. The precision of the time measurements were also a? ected by reaction time and perception of starting and stopping points of the person taking the measurements. Time measurements were taken by the same person to keep the uncertainty in reaction time consistent. 5 B. Procedure To determine which measurements weremost reliable, data was taken for the period of the ? rst oscillation, second oscillation, and twenty oscillations (omitting the ? rst) at a set length of 20. 098 cm. The length was then adjusted to 65. 5647 cm, and the same measurements were taken. To see the limits of the small angle approximation measurements of 20 oscillations (omitting the ? rst) at a ? xed length of 60. 1605 cm were taken by beginning the swing at angles of 5, 10, 20, and 40 degrees. Measurements were then taken for 20 oscillations (omitting the ? rst) for lengths of 20. 098, 26. 898, 32. 898, 60. 1605, 65. 6467, 74. 648, 89. 848, 104. 548, 116. 498, and 129. 898 cm at a starting angle of about 10 degrees. III. RESULTS The result for g obtained from both measured values of L and T 2 from equation 9 as well as from the slope in the Linear Fit model (Figure 4) agree very well with accepted results for g. The precision could be improved by corrections for e? ects of mass distrib ution, air buoyancy and damping, and string stretching[1]. TABLE I: Period measurements at di? erent Angles Degrees 3 5 10 20 40 Average Period of 20 Oscillations 31. 18333 31. 24833 31. 266 31. 50833 32. 06667 Average Period of Oscillation 1. 559167 1. 62417 1. 5633 1. 575417 1. 60333 IV. DISCUSSION By measuring 20 oscillations the average period is determined by dividing by 20 and this helps reduce the error since the error propagation will provide an uncertainty in the period that is the uncertainty in the time measurement divided bytwenty. From Table 1 and Figure 3 the limits of the small angle approximation are shown. Between 10 and 20 degrees the theoretical model begins to breakdown and the measured period deviates from the theoretical value. Measurements taken at less than 10 degrees will be more accurate for the small angle approximation model that was used. Two methods were used to calculate a value of g from the data. The ? rst method used to calculate a value of g from the measurements taken is making the calculation from each of the 6 1. 62 1. 60 T (sec) 1. 58 1. 56 1. 54 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Angle (degrees) FIG. 3: Period dependence on angle as ? increases from 3-40 degrees. Equation W eight Residual Sum of Squares y = a + b*x Instrumental 0. 77429 Value Intercept T^2 Slope 0. 01559 4. 01435 Standard Error 0. 03001 0. 04913 T 2 (sec ) 2 Length (m) FIG. 4: Linear Fit graph with error bars in T 2 . The slope of this line was used to calculate g. en di? erent lengths, using the measurements shown inTable 7 of 20 oscillations at the di? erent lengths, and taking the average. The calculated average g was (9. 7 + / ? 0. 1) m/s2 . The second method used was applying a linear least squares ? t to the values of length and the 7 accompanying T 2 . Figure 4 shows this method and gives the values for the ? t parameters. The value of g is determined by using the slope of the line and gave a value of g to be (9. 8 + / ? 0. 1) m/s2 . Figure 5 shows that data has a random pattern and all of the error bars go through zero, which means that the data is a good ? for a linear model. 0. 10 0. 05 Residual T 2 0. 00 -0. 05 -0. 10 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 1. 2 1. 4 Independent Variable FIG. 5: Random pattern of Residual T 2 . As discussed in the theoretical introduction, a value of g 9. 81792 m/s2 can be calculated using G, ME , and RE . The value of g varies depending on location due to several factors including the non-sphericity of the earth, and varying density. A more accurate value of g in Salt Lake City, Utah can be calculated by taking into account these e? ects. The National Geodetic Survey website, which interpolates the value of g at a speci? latitude, longitude and elevation from observed gravity data in the National Geodetic Survey’s Integrated Data Base, was used to determine an accepted value of g for Sal t Lake City, Utah, for which to compare the calculated results[7][8][6]. The accepted value for g in Salt Lake City, Utah is (9. 79787 + / ? 0. 00002) m/s2 . Comparing the two methods used to calculate g shows that the least squares linear ? t provided a value of g that is closer to the theoretical[3][4][5] and accepted[7][8][6] values of g. The calculation of g supports the small angle approximation model that was used. The linear relationship to length and period squared provided by the approximation gave a way of employing a least squares linear ? t to the data to determine a value of g. Since the calculated value was 8 within one standard deviation from the theoretical value, the model was supported. V. CONCLUSION The small angle approximation model, which gives g as being proportional to T 2 and L, was supported by the data taken using a simple pendulum. The residual of the data showed that it was a good ? t for a linear model, and the least squares linear ? t of the data had ? t parameters of chi-squared: 0. 7429 and an r-square value: 0. 99988. The value of g taken from the slope of the least squares linear ? t provided a value of g: (9. 8 + / ? 0. 1) m/s2 , which is within one standard deviation of the accepted value of gravity in Salt Lake City: 9. 79787 m/s2 [6]. The experiment was a good way of testing the small angle approximation because the period measured using di? erent starting angle s was consistent for angles less than 10 degrees. Using the small angle approximation the relationship between period squared and length was linear so a least squares linear ? t could be utilized to calculate g. The value of g calulated using the least squares linear ? t could then be compared to the accepted value of g for the location, thus verifying the model that was employed. [1] R. A. Nelson, M. G. Olsson, Am. J. Phys. 54, 112 (1986). [2] A. G. Dall’As? n, Undergraduate Lab Lectures, University of Utah,(2013). e [3] B. N. Taylor,The NIST Reference,physics. nist. gov/cuu/Reference/Value? bg,(2013). [4] D. R. Williams, Earth Fact Sheet, nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact. html, (2013). [5] Salt Lake Tourism Center, http://www. slctravel. com/welcom. htm, (2013). [6] National Geodetic Survey,www. gs. noaa. gov/cgi-bin/grav-pdx. prl, (2013). [7] Moose, R. E. , The National Geodetic Survey Gravity Network, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report NOS 121 NGS 39, 1986. [8] Morelli, C. : The International Gravity Standardization Net 1971, Internation al Association of Geodesy, Special Publication 4, 1971. 9 VI. A. APPENDIX A Error Analysis B. Time The sources of error introduced in this experiment came from the tools we used to measure length: calipers for the bob and a meter stick for the string length as well as the stop watch used to time each period of oscillation. Measuring the period had several sources of error including precision, the atomic clock benchmark, the reaction time of the experimentor, and the statistical error which was the standard deviation from the measurements taken. On the whole, the relative error in T was greater so that was the error used in the linear ? t analysis. ?T = 1 20 (? Treaction )2 + (? Tatomic )2 + (? Tprecision )2 + (? Tstatistical )2 (10) Equation 10 also takes into account the error propagation in taking the time period for twenty oscillations. This ? T is the random error; to account for the systematic error introduced by using the small angle approximation the complete solution for the period of oscillation is as follows [2]: 1 ? max 9 ? max T (? max ) = T0 + T0 [ sin2 ( ) + sin4 ( )] 4 2 64 2 (11) To ? nd the percent error introduced by the angle used in the experiment the solution in equation 11 was rearranged to give: T (? max ) ? To 1 ? max 9 ? max = sin2 ( ) + sin4 ( ) T0 4 2 64 2 (12) The angle used in this experiment was 10 degrees. Plugging that value into the right side of equation twelve gives a value of . 002967. It follows that T0 = T (? max ) 1. 002967 (13) Each of our measured values of T was corrected by this factor. To get the error for T 2 : ? T 2 = T ? T The results are found in Table 7. These values were plotted in ? gures 4 and 5. (14) 10 C. Gravity The errors in the calculations for g were determined di? erently for the two methods. The uncertainty in the least square ? t was calculated from the slope and uncertainty of the slope (see Figure 4). ?g = The calculations of g from L and T 2 used: ? g = g ( These values are found in Table 8. 4? 2 ? m m2 (15) ?L 2 ? T 2 2 ) + (2 ) L T (16) Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Paper If the room temperature for this experiment had been lower, the length of he resonating air column would have been shorter, The length of air column is directly proportional to temperature due to -?31 masts. 2. An atmosphere of helium would cause an organ pipe to have a higher pitch because the speed of sound is taster in helium, but since the pitch tot a tuning fork has a set frequency, the pitch will not change, 3. If you measure an interval of S seconds between seeing a lighting flash and hearing the thunder with the temperature of air being ICC, the lightning was 1715 meters away, x=mm 4. If a tuning fork is held over a resonance tube at ICC, and resonance occurs t 12 CM and 34 CM below the top of the tube, the frequency of the tuning fork is 783 Hzs- XX=LA-LA In-0. 340. 12 v-messmates v=331ms296273 v-345 ms 345 m) t-783 Hzs CONCLUSION The purpose of this experiment was to use tuning forks of known frequencies to create wavelengths by making sound waves and measuring the air column, This resonance tube apparatus will represent a closed pipe. Wavelengths may be found by measuring the difference between two successive tube lengths at which resonance occurs and will be half the wavelength. The original hypothesis for this experiment was that the speed of the sound will be greater due to the enrapture of the air being higher. In the experiment, when the water was lowered to different heights which in turn caused a change in length of the air columns. Which then allowed the tuning fork to resonant. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the percent error calculation, the experimental value was 348 urn/s and the theoretical speed of sound avgas 343 m/s, which avgas a error. In the experiment, learned that as frequency increases, the wavelength decreases. The experiment verified the principle of resonance in a closed tube. The original hypothesis was proven during the experiment; the speed Of sound Of Will be greater due to the temperature of the air being higher. Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Paper The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a connecting rod. The end of the rod attached to the crank moves in a circular motion, while the other end is usually constrained to move in a linear sliding motion. In a reciprocating piston engine, the connecting rod connects the piston to the crank or crankshaft. Together with the crank, they form a simple mechanism that converts linear motion into rotating motion. Connecting rods may also convert rotating motion into linear motion. Historically, before the development of engines, they were first used in this way. In this laboratory we will investigate the kinematics of some simple mechanisms used to convert rotary motion into oscillating linear motion and vice-versa. The first of these is the slider-crank a mechanism widely used in engines to convert the linear thrust of the pistons into useful rotary motion. In this lab we will measure the acceleration of the piston of a lawn mower engine at various speeds. The results exemplify a simple relation between speed and acceleration or kinematical restricted motions, which will discover. An adjustable slider- crank apparatus and a computer simulation will show you some effects of changing the proportions of the slider-crank mechanism on piston velocity and acceleration. Other linkages and cam mechanisms may also be used for linear- rotary motion conversion and some of these will be included in the lab Abstract The distance between the piston and the centre of the crank is controlled by the triangle formed by the crank, the connecting rod and the line from the piston to the centre of the crank, as shown in [ Figure 1 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since the lengths of the crank and connecting rod are constant, and the crank angle is known the triangle POP is completely defined. From this geometry, the distance s is given by [1]: The rightmost position of P occurs when the crank and connecting rod are in line along the axis at P and the distance from O to P is I + r. Since the distance measured in the experiment uses this position as the reference location, the distance measured is given by: This means that x is a function of the crank angle O and that the relationship is not linear. Figure 1 Geometry of Crank and Connecting Rod Mechanism Procedure 1 . )III of equipments for experiment of slider crank are set in good condition. 2. )Before taking readings,we turned the crank slowly and watched the movement of the piston to make sure it moves in the correct direction 3. ) The angle of the circle, is twisted at degrees and a resulting distance that the piston moves, q is measured. The position of sliding block/slider, x is calculated 4. ) The procedures number 3 and number 4 are repeated with an increasing angle of 5 degrees until the angle of circle reaches 3600 5. ) The graph of the position of slider, against angles of circle, is plotted. Apparatus Crank and connecting rod assembly Conclusion From the experiment we can conclude that the motion of the piston will gradually approach simple harmonic motion in increasing value of connecting rod and crank ratio. Even though that is the case in this experiment we did not really get the graph as said in theory but it is almost the same. I believe that we had done something wrong while doing the experiment. The graph plotted can be shown that almost all the graphs tend to move to simple harmonic motion. The experiment was a simple one but it really needs a lot of time to take the eating. Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Paper Countersink: Used to stain red the cells that have been decolonize (Gram cells). C. Decontrolling agent: removes the primary stain so that the countersink can be absorbed. D. Mordant: Increases the cells affinity for a stain by binding to the primary stain. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 73 ; 74 Question 3: Why is it essential that the primary stain and the countersink be of contrasting colors? Answer: Cell types or their structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of the stain that is retained. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 73 Question 4: which is the most crucial step in the performance of the Gram staining procedures? Explain. Answer: Decentralization is the most crucial step of the Gram stain. Over-decentralization will result in lost of the primary stain causing Gram positive organisms to appear Gram negative. Under-decentralization will not completely remove the C.V.-I (crystal-violet-iodine) complex, causing Gram negative organisms to appear Gram positive. Source: Microbiology A Pages 74 Question 5: Because of a snowstorm, your regular laboratory session was cancelled and the Gram staining procedure was performed on cultures incubated for a longer period of time. Examination of the stained Bacillus cereus slides revealed a great deal of color variability, ranging from an intense blue to shades of pink. Account for this result. Answer: The organisms lost their ability to retain the primary stain and appear to be gram-variable. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 74 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER 12 The purpose of the Acid fast stain is to identify the members of the genus Mycobacterium, which represent bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Mycobacterium has a thick, waxy wall that makes penetration by stains extremely difficult so the acid fast stain is used because once the primary stain sets it cannot be removed with acid alcohol. This stain is a diagnostic value in identifying these organisms. MATERIALS: * Bunsen burner * Hot plate * Inoculating loop * Glass slides * Bibulous paper * Lens paper * Staining tray * Microscope METHODS: 1. Prepared a bacterial smear of M. Schematic, S. Erasures, ; a mixture of M. Schematic ; S. Erasures 2. Allowed 3 bacterial slides to air dry ; then heat fixed over Bunsen burner 8 times. . Set up for staining over the beaker on hot plate, flooded smears with primary stain-crystal fuchsia and steamed for 8 minutes. 4. Rinsed slides with water 5. Decolonize slides with acid alcohol until it runs clear with a slight red color. 6. Rinsed with water 7. Countersigned with methyl blue for 2 minutes 8. Rinsed slides with water. 9. Blot dry using bibulous paper and examine under oil immersion * Mycobacterium Schematic * S. Erasures * A mixture of S. Erasures ; M. Schematic RESULTS AND DATA USED: 1. M. Schematic, a bacilli bacteria that colored pink resulting in acid fast. 2. S. Urges, a Cisco bacteria that colored blue resulting in non acid fast. 3. M. Schematic ; S. Erasures resulted in both acid fast ; non acid fast. CONCLUSION The conclusion to the acid fast stain is that S. Erasures lacks a cellular wax wall causing the primary stain to be easily removed during decentralization, causing it to pick up the countersink-methyl blue. This results in a non acid fast reaction, meaning it is not in the genus Mycobacterium. M. Schematic has a cellular wax wall causing the primary stain to set in and not be decolonize; this results in an acid fast reaction meaning it is in the genus Mycobacterium. REVIEW QUESTIONS Question 1: Why must heat or a surface-active agent be used with application of the primary stain during acid-fast staining? Answer: It reduces surface tension between the cell wall of the embarcadero and the stain. Source: Microbiology page 79 Question 2: Why is acid-alcohol rather than ethyl alcohol used as a decontrolling agent? Answer: Acid-fast cells will be resistant to decentralization since the primary stain is more soluble in the cellular waxes than in the decontrolling agent. Ethyl alcohol would make the acid fast cells non-resistant to the decentralization. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ page 79 Question 3: What is the specific diagnostic value of this staining procedure? Answer: Acid-fasting staining represents bacteria that is pathogenic to humans Question 4: Why is the application of heat or a surface-active agent not required during the application of the counter stain in acid-fast staining? Answer: The counter stain methyl blue is only needed to give the stain its color. Source: Microbiology A page 79 Question 5: A child presents symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis, namely a respiratory infection with a productive cough. Microscopic examination f the childs sputum reveals no acid-fast rods. However, examination of gastric washings reveals the presence of both acid-fast and non-acid fast bacilli. Do you think the child has active tuberculosis? Explain. Answer: Yes, the child may have active tuberculosis. Although, acid-fast microorganisms are not easily removed and non-acid fast are. Tuberculosis represents bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, the stain is of diagnostic value identifying these organisms. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/page 79 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER 13 The purpose of this experiment is to identify the difference between the bacterial spore and vegetative cell forms. The vegetative cells are highly resistant, metabolically inactive cell types. The endoscope is released from the degenerating vegetative cell and becomes an independent cell. MATERIALS: * hot plate * staining tray * inoculating loop * glass slides * bibulous paper * lens paper * microscope 1 . The spore stain (Schaeffer-Fulton Method) is performed on a microscopic slide by making an individual smear of the bacteria on slide and heat fixing until dry. 2. Flood the smears with malachite green and place on top of a beaker of warm eater on a hot plate, allowing it to steam for 5 minutes. 3. Remove the slide and rinse with water. 4. Add counter stain seafaring for 1 minute then rinse again with water and blot dry with bibulous paper. MICROORGANISMS USED: * S. Erasures * S. Erasures B. Rues mix RESULTS/DATA USED 1. B. Cereus- green spores, pink vegetative cells, endoscope located in center of cell 2. B. Cereus S. Erasures- green spores, pink vegetative cells, endoscope located in center of cell CONCLUSION: An endoscope is a special type of dormant cell that requires heat to uptake the primary stain. To make endoscopes readily noticeable, a spore stain can be used. In using a microscope, under oil immersion, you will be able to identify the color of the spores, color of the vegetative cells and be able to locate the endoscope in certain bacteria like S. Erasures and B. Cereus. Question 1: Why is heat necessary in spore staining? Answer: The heat dries the dye into the vegetative cell of the spore. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 Question 2: Explain the function of water in spore staining. Answer: The water removes the excess primary stain, while the spores remain green the water nines the vegetative cells that are now colorless. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 Question 3: Assume that during the performance of this exercise you made several errors in your spore- staining procedure. In each of the following cases, indicate how your microscopic observations WOUld differ from those observed when the slides were prepared correctly. Answer: a. ) You used acid-alcohol as the decontrolling agent. The alcohol would wash out all coloring from the bacteria. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 5 b. ) You used seafaring as the primary stain and malachite green as the countersink. Seafaring will absorb to vegetative cells and not endoscopes since you need heat for endoscopes to form and malachite green will not absorb without heat but it will to vegetative cells. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 c. ) You did not apply heat during the application of the primary stain. Without heat, the endoscopes will not form and it will not penetrate the spore to color the vegetative cell. Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 5 Question 4: Explain the medical significance of a capsule. Answer: The capsule protects bacteria against the normal phagocyte activities of the host cells. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 7 Question 5: Explain the function of copper sulfate in this procedure. Answer: It is used as a decontrolling agent rather than water, washes the purple primary stain out of the capsular material without removing the stain bound to the cell wall, the capsule absorbs the copper sulfate and will appear blue. Cappuccino Sherman, p. 88 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER AAA The purpose of this experiment is to identify the best chemotherapeutic agents used for infe ctious diseases. S. Erasures is the infectious disease used for this experiment. MATERIALS: * Sense-disc dispensers or forceps * sterile cotton swabs * glassware marking pencil * millimeter ruler Using the Kirby-Bauer antibiotic sensitivity test method is used. This method Uses an Antibiotic Sense-disc dispenser, which placed six different types of antibiotics on an Mueller-Hint agar plate, infected with S. Erasures. The antibiotics are in the form of small, round disc, approximately mm in diameter. The antibiotics are placed evenly away from each other on the S. Erasures infected Mueller-Hint agar plate and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for up to 48 hours. After the completed incubation time, any area surrounding the antibiotic disc which shows a clearing or an area of inhibition is then measured. Measurements are taken from the diameter of each antibiotic area of inhibition. This measurement will determine which of the antibiotics is best to be used against the specific organism. (In this case, S. Erasures) MICROORGANISMS USED: S. Erasures ANTIBIOTICS USED: Autocratic Erythrocyte Cylindrical Geocentric Fancying Linemen A chart showing the measurements of each antibiotic is used to determine its effectiveness. The three different types of ranges are: Resistant (Least useful) Intermediate (Medium useful) Susceptible (Most useful) The following results are: Zone Size Autocratic mm (Susceptible) Erythrocyte mm (Intermediate) Cylindrical mm (Intermediate) Geocentric mm (Susceptible) Fancying 13 mm (Susceptible) Linemen 21 mm (Susceptible) CONCLUSION: 4 of the 6 antibiotics above can be effectively used against inhibiting this organism (S. Erasures). This information would be passed on to the provider of the infected patient, so the patient can be given the antibiotic chosen by their provider and recover from this infection. LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER BOB The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the effectiveness of antiseptic agents against selected test organisms. MATERIALS: The materials used are five Traipses soy agar plates. 24-48 hours Triplicate soy broth cultures of E. Coli, B. Cereus, S. Erasures and M. Specialist. The microorganisms used were E. Coli, B. Cereus, S. Erasures and M. Specialist. The data collected in this experiment shows chlorine bleach having the broadest anger of microbial activity because it has the strongest ingredients. Tincture of iodine and hydrogen peroxide seems to have the narrowest range because the contents arent as strong. CONCLUSION: The Agar Plate-Sensitivity Method shows the effectiveness of antiseptic agents against selected test organisms. The antiseptic exhibited microbial activity against each microorganism. Question 1: Evaluate the effectiveness of a disinfectant with a phenol coefficient of 40. Answer: A disinfectant with a phenol coefficient of 40 indicates the chemical agent being more effective than the phenol. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G.